Russian History free essay sample

This was because of Peter I (Peter the Great) due to his achievements constrained the West to pay heed to his country. Subside The Great When Peter I came into power in 1689, he had two fundamental objectives for his nation: †¢Modernize his nation in the western design. †¢Gain warm water ports to access toward the west, hence, bringing more exchange, acknowledgment, and regard by the other European forces. Managing the West Peter set out his arrangements by sending a terrific government office to the European powers in 1697 to enroll their assistance against Turkey. He came too, professing to possibly be a boats woodworker, and worked in English and Dutch shipyards. He considered everything from life structures and etching to European mechanical methods so as to pick up however much data as could reasonably be expected. He was resolved to give Russia an outlet to the ocean, both on the Baltic Sea and Caspian Sea. He carried European shipbuilders to Russia. We will compose a custom article test on Russian History or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At that point in 1696, with another armada, he had the option to catch Azov, the main Turkish stronghold on the Sea of Azov. As Captain Peter Alekseevich, he instructed from the Principium †a boat worked by his own hand. In 1700, he felt prepared to assault Sweden. With Poland and Denmark as partners, he began the Great Northern War, which went on until 1721. Dwindle vanquished the Swedes and increased an outlet to the Baltic Sea. The Treaty of Nystad (1721) finished the war and gave Russia the valued Swedish regions on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Sweden turned into a below average military force, and Poland was decreased in status. Because of the triumph, the Russian Empire was framed on October 22, 1721. On that day Peter was acclaimed Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great, and sovereign of all the Russia’s, by the Russian Senate, in appreciation for triumph in the war. Inner Affairs Peter was sorting out and modernizing his nation inside just as remotely. He was merciless when he governed Russia as he was so decided for his nation to be perceived. He constrained his subjects to comply with his thoughts, established a naval force, presented industrial facilities, and sorted out an advanced armed force. He additionally made another Russian capital, St Petersburg. In 1703, Peter started development a post on an area that he had won †which turned into the new capital city of St Petersburg †and moved his magnificent court there in 1712. So as to populate St Petersburg, Peter constrained all high society Russians to move there. One issue was that the nation had no legitimate methods for transportation. What streets there were just ran east to west, and still, at the end of the day, they were hard to cross, particularly during the Russian winter. Dwindle westernized his subjects by utilizing tax assessment and executing new laws. A few models are: †¢He put a high duty on whiskers and Oriental dress to constrain the individuals to embrace Western dress. †¢He modernized the schedule, improved the letters in order, brought together the cash, and presented all inclusive tax collection

Evaluate the importance of regular exercise Essay Example for Free

Assess the significance of customary exercise Essay As of late, the familiarity with the significance of general wellbeing has expanded altogether and keeping up a solid body and brain is without a doubt everyone’s day by day wishes. Doing exercise is one of the approaches to help individuals to satisfy their fantasies as it can fortify our body and improve our psyche. The viability of the guides from the state to help accomplishing the objective effectively has likewise been put on the public’s conversation table. In this exposition, will initially look at the significance of activity, following by breaking down how both Hong Kong and British government assumes their job in guaranteeing its residents practice routinely and proposing some subsequent activities. In the first place, doing activity can assist with improving our wellbeing condition and makes us more grounded. Exercise can be separated into four classes: perseverance, quality, equalization, and adaptability which will give us benefits on the off chance that we can complete them all. (Go4Life n.d.) Researches. (Mayo facility 2014) has demonstrated that working out will on one hand lower pressure and then again in diminish muscle versus fat which will makes us look fitter and more advantageous. When muscle versus fat is diminished, it can likewise bring down the pulse and keep up a smooth roundabout blood stream. Dangers presented to our body because of hypertension can be stopped for instance strokes. Besides, practice shows a negative relationship with melancholies. Endorphin is a hormone discharged when doing exercise which positively affects our mind-set by making us more joyful and diminishing paces of discouragement. This shows the more we work out, the higher the degree of joy we can pick up. Endorphins will decrease the view of torment in cerebrum will prompts positive emotions. (WebMD 2014) Social circle can likewise be extended when doing exercise as some of them require collaboration and players should co-work with one another which builds their attachments and lift their connections. Accept playing b-ball for instance, cooperative individuals willâ have to convey and confide in one another and pass the ball to each other in order to pick up objectives. Solid social help which came about can decrease the opportunity of melancholy as ones consideration has been expanded. Conversely, with no work out may prompt self destruction in some outrageous cases. Studies done by Dh aval and Inas shows that there is an immediate connection between overweight status, burdensome scatters, and self-destructive practices. Overweight youths will have a low confidence as they are marked as â€Å"fat boy† which makes them having a feeble fearlessness and body disappointment. (Dhaval Inas 2009) As practicing can identify with life and demise issues, it demonstrates that it is of high significance that normal activities are expected to keep up our body wellbeing. Next, the legislature ought to likewise assume a significant job in managing social insurance issue of residents. As per ongoing reports, (Ko 2010; Chapman 2014) both Hong Kong and Britain are confronting an issue of expanded passing rates because of heftiness. This is basically because of the expanding individual crowded and changing in way of life qualities with diminished in physical movement yet increment in food admission which brings about constant infections. Concerning the Hong Kong government’s official site, it has made a stage forward to handle this issue by presenting the National Fitness Day on eighth August every year (GovHK 2010). This offers its nearby residents in complimentary wearing involvement with named sports focus in 18 locale of Hong Kong for instance moving play-in, wellness corner and some wellness and wellbeing talk and workshops. Parent-youngster exercises are likewise accessible which can advance their connections. Through this occasion, it can cl early stimulate the publics’ consideration in doing sports and even expands their own enthusiasm for building up particular kind of sports. Be that as it may, British government just did restricted activities in creating citizens’ sportsmanship except for London Olympics 2012 (Olympic.org 2013) which uncovers more Britain are dead because of overweight and large continued expanding and the figure is even 50 percent more when contrasting with France as Chapman said. It is accepted the British government should take Hong Kong as a source of perspective to guarantee its residents include in sports all the more regularly. By presenting reward framework can expand their consideration in doing sports and they will be all the more ready to do as such. Likewise, open games places with low participation expenses canâ also be built up to help low salary families to appreciate this amusement in minimal effort. Advancements and promotions are required so more individuals will think about it and raise their consciousness of it. Because of the high authority of the administration, it will ideally assist with advancing activity in Britain all the more adequately and vouch for the achievement of Hong Kong in elevating sports to its homes. What's more, residents keeping up great wellbeing will likewise profit the state. With an unexpected weakness condition, specialist will bring about truant from work and will diminish the profitability of the firm. (Krol at el., 2012) During the missing time frame, it might be hard for the organization to discover a superbly appropriate substitute as the profitability misfortune will be eccentric as laborers are not alloted to the correct occupations. Benefits will be lost and decreases the monetary development of the country (Wei at el., 2011). Additionally, as referenced prior, self destruction occurrences of laborers can likewise influence the organization. Foxconn, the creation industrial facility of Apple items is one of where regularly knew about specialists there ended it all because of poor working conditions and solitariness ( BBC 2010). This will in no uncertainty harm the notoriety of the firm and influence deals. Nonetheless, if there can be sufficient work out for the work, they will feel not so much focused but rather more glad to work. Undesirable mishaps can be kept away from. One of the principle obligations of residents is to add to the general public that we should deliver to the benefit amplifying yield to help keeping up the work power of our place to look after productivity. With great wellbeing, laborers can work all the more proficiently as they can perform well and show their own gifts. Profitability will at that point increment because of invigorating financial development which will benefits the general public. With better monetary conditions, individuals can bear the cost of their own lives and have a better quality of living. So as to abstain from stopping creation procedure and diminishing proficiency of firms, the legislature to a high degree ought to be dependable to manage rules to help its residents in general medical problems. In any case, some may contend that it is our own obligation to remain sound which implies we ought not depend on the state. Wellbeing is a drawn out venture which can be determinates without anyone else and we are personallyâ responsible day by day. Some may likewise say that (Sherman 2012) great wellbeing will be achieved if exertion is given and we organize it well. Long haul exertion is required in order to adjust our body, psyche and exertion. Exercise is an individual movement which relies upon the individual readiness. On the off chance that the administration compel them to work out, they may feel unhappy and clashes between the two gatherings will exist. Costs will be associated with managing the questions which endeavors interests of them. Besides, individuals may believe that they will have their own training to keep up wellbeing for instance controlling their eating routine, for example, following the food pyramid (GovHK 2012). Guardians likewise assume indispensable job in managing the wellbeing states of their kids. Sound way of life practices ought to be supported since little so they will pay more aim to that in any event, when they grow up. What's more, underpins from schools ought to likewise be given to understudies for instance setting up increasingly physical instruction classes and furthermore extra-round exercises identified with sports in order to expand their measure of physical exercise. It is undouble that educating from guardians to their kids is the best method to pass on the possibility of wellbeing to them as most kids will in general tune in to their folks more than any other person. In this way some accept that it isn't the state’s duty and it ought not intercede with people’s day by day schedules. To finish up, albeit a few people might be disappointed if the administration intrude with their activity design, it is of central significance which the state ought to be dependable to manage the medical problems of its residents as this is one of its duties. On the off chance that the state help to safeguard the public’s practicing cadence, it can lessen the sickness related issues and it is a lot simpler for the state to intercede because of its high power. Simultaneously, it will likewise bring positive effects like expanding efficiency which benefits the general public. Thus, to a huge degree the state should help in guaranteeing its residents practice consistently so as to keep up a decent wellbeing. Reference List 1. Whiten, B, 2010. Foxconn suicides: Workers feel very forlorn. BBC on the web, [online] 28 May 2010. Accessible at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10182824 [16 May 2014]. 2. Chapman, J, 2014. Englands stoutness passing rate. [online] Available at: [Accessed 04 May 2014] 3. Dhaval, D and Inas, R., 2009. Overweight status, self-recognition, and self-destructive practices among young people. Sociology Medicine, [e-journal]. 68(9) Available through: Lancaster University Library site [Accessed 15 February 2014]. 4. Go4Life n.d., 4 Types of Exercise. [online] Available at: [Accessed 12 May 2014] 5. GovHK, 2010. Game For All Day on August 8 advances advantages of ordinary exercise. [online] Available at: [Accessed 10 6. GovHK, 2012. The Food Pyramid - A Guide to a Balanced Diet. [online] Available at: http://www.cheu.gov.hk/eng/data/exercise_07.htm [Accessed 10 May 2014] 7. Krol, M ; Brouwer, W ; Severens, J ; Kaper, J ; Evers, S., 2002. Profitability cost estimations in wellbeing financial assessments: Cor

Show, Dont Tell The Secret to Next-Level Writing

Show, Dont Tell The Secret to Next-Level Writing A distinguishing characteristic of a great writer is one who is able to show instead of tell in his or her writing. For example, when you tell your audience information about a character, you might describe the character as tall or imposing. However, when you show your reader this informationâ€"by having another character look up to them when speakingâ€"you allow your reader to feel like they are right there in the moment in ways that telling them details will never inspire.British novelist, poet, and essayist C.S. Lewis put it like this:Dont use adjectives which merely tell us how you want us to feel about the things you are describing. I mean, instead of telling us a thing was terrible, describe it so that well be terrified. Dont say it was delightful; make us say delightful when weve read the description. You see, all those words (horrifying, wonderful, hideous, exquisite) are only like saying to your readers, Please, will you do my job for me?C.S. LewisWhy show instead of tell?Th ere are several reasons why its more appealing for a reader to be shown a scene rather than told a scene. Telling involves providing factual, brief information that avoids detail and conveys a broad message. In many cases, it is an effective way to communicate but not necessarily an effective way to stir the emotions.Showing, on the other hand does stir the emotions because it appeals to the readers sensory perception and understanding. While its not the most efficient way to communicate, it is the most expressive way, and provides details that telling does not offer. It also encourages a readers suspension of disbelief by allowing them to be in the moment youre showing in your writing, through sensory details they can easily access with a little imagination.Examples of Telling vs. ShowingSo how do you accomplish this in your own writing? Lets look at a few examples of how one might show instead of tell.Telling: He was cold.Showing: He shivered violently, wrapping the blanket around his shoulders.Telling: A storm was blowing in.Showing: To the west, dark clouds shifted as thunder rumbled in the distance, drawing closer.Telling: She knew he had been drinking alcohol.Showing: As he brushed past her stumbling, she smelled the stale scent of whiskey.Is it ever better to tell instead of show?While this show, dont tell rule holds true in general for creative writing, there are times when a summary of what is taking place is bestâ€"especially if it is a summary of plot details that arent of real value on the character arc. In other words, if you are merely biding time to move a character from point a to point b and the important things will happen at point b, there is no need to focus on showing details of how the character arrives to point b. That part can be more telling than showing, especially in contrast to the showing writing that you would want to have when the character finally reaches that important destination (point b).Consider a character who must take pa rt in an ultimate showdown against the antagonist. When that showdown occurs, you would obviously want to make your writing show as much as possible instead of telling it all. However, the journey to get to that showdown might not necessarily need to be shown, unless it is an important part of the plot (as is often the case in adventure novels). If it doesnt add value to the narrative or character arcs, there is no need to focus on showing instead of telling.Tips to stop tellingSo how to you avoid telling writing when you should be showing your reader instead? Obviously, theres no one-size-fits-all answer to this. However, here are a few tips to follow to get you started in the right direction:Consider all the sensesWriting that shows a reader what is happening is writing that includes a lot of sensory details. Dont just use images that your characters sees, but also include what is heard, felt, smelled and tasted through their senses. These types of sensory details help your reader feel like they are in the moment with the character instead of simply being told what is happening.Find adjectives and reconsider themAnother great way to turn your telling writing into writing that shows your reader a scene is to look for the spots where youve used adjectives. For example, lets say youve written the line: The beautiful woman smiled at him. Since beautiful is an adjective, lets take a moment to reconsider this sentence to allow it to show instead of tell. After doing so, you might come up with something like this: All she did was smile but to him, it was his own private heaven. Women like her didnt smile at him often and his face flushed warm red in the heat of her stare.Avoid overuse of -ly adverbsStephen King had much to say about adverbs:I believe the road to hell is paved with adverbs, and I will shout it from the rooftops. To put it another way, theyre like dandelions. If you have one in your lawn, it looks pretty and unique. If you fail to root it out, howeve r, you find five the next day… fifty the day after that… and then, my brothers and sisters, your lawn is totally, completely, and profligately covered with dandelions. By then you see them for the weeds they really are, but by then its â€" GASP!! â€" too late.Stephen KingWhat King is trying to emphasize in this statement is that one or two adverbs are fine, but the more adverbs a piece of writing contains, the less it will show instead of tell. For example, consider the following line: He looked at his father angrily. How might a writer state the same idea without the adverb? It would be something like this: A frown wrinkled his forehead as he stared at his father, breathing hard and clenching his fists in buried hostility.Now, which of the sentences gives us more visual depth to the scene? Obviously, its the one without the adverb ending in -ly. In it, the reader sees the characters anger visually instead of simply being told about it. We see the characters emotions instead of being told how the character feels.Use metaphorsOne great benefit to using metaphors is they are a literary device that calls to mind sensory perceptions. For example, when you compare a characters smile to the sun through metaphor, your reader instantly envisions a smile that is bright and cheerfulâ€"one that lights up the room in a way similar to how the sun lights up the Earth. You give much more depth to your description through the use of metaphors and similes than telling writing could ever offer.A final wordOne thing to note in the struggle with showing instead of telling in your writing is that you can go overboard with description. For some writers (Anne Rice, for example), pages upon pages of descriptive writing work because their readers have come to expect it and enjoy that type of writing. However, with too much focus on description and not enough focus on moving the plot along, you risk losing your reader through overly done description that was written for the sake of showing instead of telling. So, rememberâ€"show, dont tell, but dont overdo it!

Housing Affordability Is A Growing Concern For Many...

Housing affordability has become a growing concern for many Australian citizens in the past decade. The median Australian house price has risen substantially in the past ten years and has increased at a rate that has exceeded the median income. Between 2012 and 2014, the median house price rose by $76,700, and income rose by $4113.20. Putting those numbers into perspective, the average income in 2014 rose by merely 2.3% in comparison to house prices which rose by 9.23%. Australia’s housing affordability crisis is further highlighted by the International Monetary Fund, who stated, â€Å"Australia has the 3rd most expensive housing market on the planet†. In addressing the issue currently, the Australian government has a combination of policy and†¦show more content†¦The Australian dream of home ownership is under threat, and currently, the nation is facing a serious long-term structural problem in relation to the availability of affordable housing within the cou ntry. Figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics revealed that since 1982, citizens aged between 25 and 34, who are able to afford their own property have fallen from 56% in 1982 to 34% in 2011, a 30 year low. If this figure is not damning enough, an Australian Bureau of Statistics Survey of Income and Housing revealed that between 1982 and 2011, the percentage of home buyers that spent more than 30% of their gross income on housing costs, increased from 10% to 21%. This figure in itself demonstrates the problem of rising house prices within the nation, especially when income is not growing at the same pace. The growing problem of housing affordability has many serious long-term structural implications, and so, in order for any response to effective in addressing the issue, it is important that the government understands the factors that have contributed to the lack of affordable housing in Australia, both in the supply side and the demand side. Although there are several underlying reasons for the increasing house prices, the main catalysts behind the skyrocketing property prices stem from the demand side of the issue. Australia’s lack of affordable housing is a result of a rapidly growing

Texas Am Essay Samples - the Conspiracy

Texas Am Essay Samples - the Conspiracy A key is a crucial component to any trustworthy map. If you are able to use the provided information in an intelligent way, you're going to be in a position to create your efficient study program. You ought to think about how soon you will introduce the precise subject of your research area, or your customer's name. The aim of a key is to demonstrate direction. What Is So Fascinating About Texas Am Essay Samples? Also, applicants can submit the application essays punctually and therefore the odds of being granted admission increases. Admission services ought to be delivered to applicants at the proper time. One of the very first things to do in order to college is applying. Practice tests are the best method to acquire ready. Our agency provides you with an amazing chance to obtain worthy papers in a few minutes. As a consequence, you get an excellent deal of free time and completed homework. Although, there are a number of revisio ns which are still needed, I believe that the means by which the revisions can be made is the very best way at this time. Some relatively trustworthy folks failing honesty. Proofreading is what helps to get rid of the mistakes you might have omitted! The same is applicable to top essay writers. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. The essay is easily the most important portion of a university appllication, see sample essays ideal for applying to schools in the usa. You don't need to return to school to prepare for the GED test. If your aim is to pass the GED, then you have to learn about test-taking strategies. There are times some teachers aren't professional or don't explain a few of the lessons well. The parents might not be in a position to supply the financial and emotional support to the kid. It isn't simple to identify gaps in my personal life as a high school student. Many people think that high school entrance e ssays are rather less difficult to write than college entrance essays, that is the reason there are fewer places where you are able to get assistance with higher school entrance essays. There are many pre-made notebooking pages that are suitable for high school age students. Our experienced specialists can create any type of papers for students from throughout the world. Due to the limitations the government can't represent a lot of the folks and laws are hard to pass that incorporate all groups. Constitutions are an essential tool because they're the simple law of a state or nation that tells all the folks of the country or state how the government will be structured in addition to how it will function. There are lots of laws that aren't enforceable due to the restrictions of the constitution. Free response In nations like the usa and the United Kingdomessays have come to be an important portion of an official education in the type of completely free response questions. Ma ny writing firms provide poor excellent admission services at exploitative rates because their objective is to earn money. By way of example, something as easy as adding new info on your internet site creates another selling opportunity when prospects and customers come to your website to observe the new info. Each time you add something new to your business you make a chance to secure more sales. Marketing your business doesn't need to be complicated. Texas Am Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery High school essays are structured very similarly whatever the topic and great essay structure will enable you to write a crystal clear essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. Offer your Nerd along with all the requirements to see whether your paper matches them. High school essay examples incorporate a selection of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Students are requested to explain, comment on, or assess a subject of study in the shape of an essay. What Ne eds to be Done About Texas Am Essay Samples After the mother's or child's life is in danger. For that reason, it requires being a precise article on specifically the main reason why you're the appropriate man or women relevant to the job you're usually seeking. Perhaps you only want to rant audibly online. A superb instance of a question a parent might be asked is the way the parent thinks her or his little one will add to the school. There are a large selection of exercises you'll be able to try with users, the Design Kit website has suggestion for a few of the most prosperous ones that IDEO uses. Furthermore, items are often upgraded in price and features so you will need to trade in your present-day item in favour of a better one. A little one needs certain conditions as a way to live. Students should settle on which position they ought to take based upon the amount and caliber of the points they're ready to come up with to support their position. The Ultimate Texas Am Essay Samples Trick By considering the real notes consultants have left, in addition, it can help you learn what types of questions people will be asking about your essay. Dan Carlin's Hardcore History podcast is just one of my favourite things to follow. The good thing is that as soon as you invest in the pages you have begun to create a library of topics and styles to pick from year to year. You need to read the example answers to acquire ideas about what are good kinds of answers and what are bad forms of answers.

College Essay Free Essays

I remember it clearly- that fourth period history class. Mr.. We will write a custom essay sample on College Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reilly was pacing along the front of the classroom in such a straight line that he could have been only walking on the cracks of the title floor. Somehow he was trying to consider the best possible way to explain the relationship between society’s proclaimed geniuses and natural talent in relation to the artists of the Italian Renaissance. We were studying the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo Ad Vinci as well as their significance in history. He began with the statues created by Michelangelo which led to the discussion about social interaction and mental capabilities of â€Å"geniuses† in modern and ancient societies. It was noticed that those with superior skills in one element such as art. Music or academics, usually lack the experience and expertise in social interaction or other elements of life. The conversation then proceeded to contemplate the idea that without proper encouragement and nourishment of these talents, how are they ever supposed to flourish? T was with this question that he began to move into the main point of this lesson. â€Å"Who is the greatest artist of all time? † As Mr.. Reilly asked this of us, he began to unroll his tangled arrangement of fourteenth century maps that dangled from the white board the classroom and pointed directly to where modern day Russia is now. Again he asked the sleepy teenagers of his fourth period class as if there was a totally obvious answer. He said, â⠂¬Å"It is some little unknown farming working in the family fields. No one will know her name or remember her eave, but she had a gift. She sat under a tree and drew elaborate drawings of her surroundings until he was caught and made to return to the frills. She never had a chance. † Every person is special; they just need to guidance and power to prove it. What he said never really affected me until I got home that night and thought about the little girl; however, I knew in class that day that what he was saying to us would become important in some way or another. The potential for greatness is in everyone. Without harnessing that greatness, no one would succeed. Everyone is special. This was a lesson most children learn, but for me, it never registered. â€Å"l am not good enough. How could I be special in some way? All I can do is trace a picture from my computer and, if done right, pass it off as my own work to my friends or keep just good enough grades in each class to keep my A average. How can there be nothing that was good at? Everything that I could do in life was mediocre. † had thought that nothing in my life was ever going to make me stand out from everyone else but honestly†¦ I was just afraid of being globed together with society and being lost in the public image. Afraid to stand apart from everyone else. Terrified that my life would continue to be nothing out of the ordinary. Too scared to try. That there was nothing about me that me special. Took only that four hours. Six minutes and thirty-two seconds to realize that all that insecurity did not matter. To think that there was nothing special about me was incorrect. That negative path of thought was wrong from foundation to delivery. I realized that what separated me from everyone else has always been my drive to be better, to try new things, to work harder than everyone else in the room. Art or music or academics may not be my strongest attributes in the game of life but that does not mean that the game can not be played. To be a â€Å"genius† or â€Å"talented† is supper overrated. I am me- perfectly imperfect. My love for languages and foreign cultures, blossoming into my goal of becoming an interpreter is my talent. This dream of pursuing a life engulfed in language, culture and history is what makes me similar to that little unknown farm girl. Without realizing it, my teacher gave me the spark I needed to pursue my goals. Surprisingly, this revelation occurred in under five minutes. How to cite College Essay, Essays College Essay Free Essays Mitchell Graham College Essay Montgomery 2nd Period Good Advice is a tool that is practice all around the world. Everyday good advice is given and received from left-to-right. However, not all advice is the best advice nor is beneficial to your daily needs. We will write a custom essay sample on College Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advice can be looked at simply as a tip for guidance or assistance though the many complications you may come across. The best advice I ever received was quote from Martin Luther King Jr, which says, â€Å"You have to wake up in order for your dreams to come true†. This quote happens to be the best advice I’ve ever received, for I can live my entire life by this quote. For Instance, the quote stated by Martin Luther King Jr, can be looked upon as a theme for ones life or how someone chooses to live their life. The quote that was stated by MLK may have many different meanings, however it only means one thing to me. When Martin Luther King Jr says, â€Å"You have to wake up in order for your dreams to come true†, I see it as him saying, â€Å"If you want something to be done, do it! †. For example, if you aspire to go to college, find out what it takes and make it happen. In other words, don’t just have dreams, but make them come true by putting forth some action. I say this, because anyone can talk about doing something all day-everyday , but until they take action their talk is completely irrelevant. Actions speak louder than words. Not only is the quote by Martin Luther King Jr the best advice I’ve ever received, but I also followed the advice and took it to action. I used this advice all throughout my high school career. In addition, I used this advice in relations to myself aspiring to become a successful music artist. Having said that, I used Martin Luther King Jr’s, advice when I would slack off in school and then expect my grade to be something it wasn’t. By using the advice from the quote, I got into gear with school and started to work for what I deserved. Now I know why teachers say you’re the one determining your grade and not them. On the other end, I used the advice from the quote to encourage me to make music/songs constantly, because how am I going to become successful by waiting on success to fall in my hands. All in all, Martin Luther King Jr’s, quote was very touching to me and it transformed my life in many ways. How to cite College Essay, Essays

Teaching And Migration In Belgium Essays - , Term Papers

Teaching And Migration In Belgium Migrantenbeleid Overzicht van het migrantenbeleid Het migrantenbeleid in Europa valt uiteen in twee delen: het migratiebeheersingsbeleid en het integratiebeleid of minderhedenbeleid, een term die in de Angelsaksische landen wordt gebruikt. Het migratiebeheersingsbeleid betreft nieuwkomers die geen verblijfsvergunning hebben. Er zijn vier mogelijke scenario's. Een eerste scenario is het huwelijk van een niet-EU-lid met een EU-lid. Zo komt het bijvoorbeeld in Limburg vaak voor dat Turkse migranten die in Belgi? zijn opgegroeid trouwen met mensen uit Turkije. Een ander scenario is het asielbeleid waarbij de nieuwkomers asiel aanvragen in Belgi?. Vervolgens is er het binnenkomen van nieuw-komers via een arbeidsvergunning. Zo'n arbeidsvergunning wordt in eerste instantie altijd voorlopig afgeleverd: meestal geldt ze n jaar en kan ze daarna verlengd worden. In principe wordt er na drie jaar een definitieve arbeidsvergunning gegeven. Dit gebeurt echter vaak alleen maar wanneer het beroepen betreft waarvoor men niemand vindt in Belgi? en bij hooggekwalificeerden zoals Japanners en Scandinavi?rs. Ten slotte kan men ook nog binnenkomen als illegaal die al dan niet eerst in een asiel heeft gezeten. Het integratie- of minderhedenbeleid houdt rekening met de Belgische staatsstructuur. Op verschillende niveaus wordt een bepaald beleid gevoerd. Zo zijn de bevoegdheden van het federaal niveau de nationaliteit, de godsdienst en de ordehandhaving: het al dan niet toekennen van stemrecht, het toestaan van erediensten in een bepaalde godsdienst, de toegang tot het openbaar ambt? De gemeenschappen staan dan weer in voor onderwijs en vorming, cultuur, welzijn, taal- en jeugdbeleid. In de regel zijn aan deze bevoegdheden telkens een minister of een kabinet verbonden. Dan is er het niveau van de gewesten: het Vlaams, Brussels en Waals gewest. Deze zorgen voor de tewerkstelling (priv? en openbaar ambt), de huisvesting en de gezondheid. Ten slotte komt men bij het provinciaal en het gemeentelijk niveau die respectievelijk voor provinciale en lokale integratiecentra verantwoordelijk zijn. Zowel het migratiebeheersingsbeleid als het integratiebeleid hebben raakpunten met het onderwijs. Wat betreft het migratiebeheersingsbeleid is er in de eerste plaats de thematiek van de inburgeringscontacten: Nederlands leren en programma's van maatschappelijke organisatie. Ten tweede is er het onthaalbeleid in het onderwijs naar kinderen toe. Het betreft hier voornamelijk neveninstromers oftewel kinderen die in Belgi? toekomen vanaf tien jaar. Ten slotte is er naar volwassenen toe de basiseducatie. Raakpunten met het integratiebeleid zijn het geven van beroepsopleidingen zoals de VDAB en tevens het krijgen van les in de eigen godsdienst mits er voldoende vraag naar is bij de ouders. Hoeveel ?voldoende' juist betekent is echter nog steeds een discussiepunt. Overzicht van het onderwijsbeleid in de Vlaamse gemeenschap Het OVB (onderwijsvoorrangsbeleid) omvat vijf componenten. Ten eerste is er NT2 (Nederland als tweede taal). De KUL heeft hiervoor een unit gekregen. Het betreft hier kinderen die voor ze naar school gingen geen AN hebben gehoord en meestal zijn opgegroeid met hun eigen taal vermengd met wat Frans of Nederlands. Er heersen soms de misverstanden dat zulke kinderen dom zijn en een taalachterstand hebben. Ze hebben weliswaar een taalachterstand wat betreft het Nederlands, maar zeker niet wat betreft hun eigen taal. Ten tweede is er het werken met leerlingenco?ffici?nten. Dit gaat uit van de gedachte dat klassen met een groot aantal anderstaligen beter iets kleiner zijn. Dit gaat men dan berekenen; een allochtoon kind krijgt een hogere co?ffici?nt en daardoor mag de school meer leerkrachten aannemen (wat eigenlijk niet de bedoeling is van die co?ffici?nten). Dit systeem bleek niet effici?nt genoeg om zijn doel te bereiken, wat aanleiding gaf tot de NDV (non-discriminatieverklaring). Een derde component zijn de aanwendingsplannen die ook onder OVB vallen. Deze moeten door de scholen opgesteld worden om aan te tonen dat ze met bijkomende middelen beter zullen functioneren. Zorgverbreding is de vierde component: niet alle allochtonen hebben extra begeleiding nodig, anderen hebben dan juist weer meer begeleiding nodig. Daarom moet men de middelen zo goed mogelijk spreiden. Als vijfde en laatste component is er het schoolopbouwwerk. Hierbij probeert men een betere communicatie te realiseren met de ouders. Leerkrachten vinden het immers niet altijd gemakkelijk om met psychologen en opvoeders te werken. Bij OETC (onderwijs eigen taal en cultuur) gaat men ervan uit dat NT2 goed is, maar dat men tegelijk ook de moedertaal ontwikkelingskansen moet geven. Zo zullen de kinderen immers meer op hun gemak zijn en de aangeleerde

Reasons and Objectives for Attending University essays

Reasons and Objectives for Attending University essays My objective in attending ______________ University is to pursue an education in computer science that will allow me to build a career based on technical innovation and bringing positive change to my community and my profession. I am particularly interested in exploring how technology can provide innovative solutions to problems [Some Problem]. I expect that the being a part of the university environment will provide me with the knowledge, intellectual rigor, and the confidence to apply my abilities to solving complex, real-world problems. My first goal while at the university is to build a solid technical foundation in computer science. I have been interested in computers since the age of X, when my father bought our first computer. I discovered that I enjoyed working on the computer and endeavored to learn more about it. My persistence paid off and my proficiency of computers increased. I won [honors] and was also elected president of the computer club for my school. In addition to my computer related activities, I have placed great emphasis on academic excellence in my student life. I have consistently been at the top of my class and maintained excellent grades. My goal is to continue to maintain high standards of achievement while taking advantage of the many intellectual resources available at the university. The learning opportunities offered by the university curriculum, outstanding faculty, and motivated colleagues represent some great reasons for wanting to study here. I believe that the spectrum of activities available outside the classroom is an integral part of the university experience. As an active participant in student life, I look forward to contributing my time, skills and unique perspectives. I enjoy [other activities] and have [achievements in these activities]. I consider volunteering as an important part of getting involved and contributing to the community. I have volunteered with [organization abc] for the...

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays

3 Expert Tips for the Boston University Supplement Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to Boston University this year, you’ll have to respond to at least two Boston University essay prompts. In this article, we’ll cover what the Boston University essay prompts are, how to answer them, and provide key tips for writing the best application essays possible. What Are the Boston University Essays? Boston University requires its applicants to respond to at least two Boston University essays as part of its admissions requirements. You may also have to respond to a third, additional essay, depending on what school or program you’re applying to. Boston University uses the Common Application for admission, so the Boston University essays are all submitted through the Common App’s platform. The essays are an important part of your application - they give you a chance to show the admissions committee a different side of your personality than what they see in the rest of your application. The Boston University essays also give you a chance to wow the admissions committee with your creativity and writing skills, so it’s important to put a lot of effort into your essays to make them as strong as possible. Boston University Essay Prompts and Requirements There are a number of different Boston University essay prompts, depending on what program you are applying to and whether or not you decide to apply for a scholarship. All students must answer the â€Å"Why Boston University† essay and can submit extra work as part of the â€Å"Extra Space† prompt. Applicants to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine, Kilachand Honors College, and the Trustees Scholarships must also answer additional essays, each with their own word count and requirements. Let’s take a look at each of the prompts: "Why Boston University": What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) "Extra Space" prompt: Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? For all Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Boston University Essay Prompts, Analyzed Let’s take a look at each of the Boston University essay prompts. In this section, we’ll break down what each prompt is asking, how you should answer, what kind of topics will work to answer the prompt, and what you should avoid talking about. What about being a student at Boston University most excites you? (250 words) The first Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a classic â€Å"Why this school† essay prompt. These types of essays ask you to demonstrate to the admissions committee why this school is the one for you. Your answer should be Boston University-specific. You should do your research on Boston University to be able to name specific classes, programs, or professors that excite you. Your essay should focus on why you want to attend Boston University - not why you want to attend college in general. Don’t speak generically - Boston University knows that it has great academics and interesting classes. You need to name specific parts of the school that are attractive to you as a student. Maybe you’re interested in film and television and want to be part of BUTV10, or perhaps you want to work on a Senior Design Project in College of Engineering. Whatever your reason, make it specific to BU - something that you can’t get at any other college or university. For more information on how to answer this essay prompt, visit our article on the subject! (Coming soon) Please use this space if you have additional information, materials, or writing samples you would like us to consider. (2000 KB PDF file) The second Boston University supplement essay prompt may seem intimidating - what should you upload? You should use this essay prompt as a chance to a.) demonstrate the quality of your work and/or b.) present yourself as a well-rounded person. If, for instance, you are the first chair in your high school’s wind symphony, you might want to upload a MP3 file of your playing. Boston University will have lots of students applying who are musicians - sending in a file of yourself playing can demonstrate the quality of your musicianship. On the other hand, if you’ve been playing in a punk band with some friends for fun for five years but didn’t mention it elsewhere on your application, this essay prompt gives you the perfect opportunity to present another aspect of your personality. Whatever you choose to upload, make sure that it is high quality and well put-together. Submitting something that’s confusing or sloppy can give the admissions committee the wrong impression, so if you don’t have anything that stands out as something you’d want to submit, you could skip this question altogether. For Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine applicants: The Accelerated Programs Admission Committee is interested in learning more about you. Please write an essay on why you wish to enter the health professions, including what experiences have led you to this decision and what you hope to gain from your chosen profession. Please make sure your essay is completely distinct from the one you submitted on the Common Application. (750 words) This prompt is only for students who are applying to the Accelerated Program in Liberal Arts and Medicine. This Boston University Supplement Essay prompt is a pretty standard example of a health professional admissions essay, but the long word count is tricky. You want to be specific and passionate, not redundant and long-winded. You can break your essay down into two main parts: why you decided to enter the health professions and what you hope to gain from doing so. When you talk about why you decided to enter the health professions, be sure to highlight any specific experiences that influenced your decision. Don’t speak in generalizations or platitudes - call out real experiences that made you decide to apply. Don’t, for instance, say that you want to change the world through medicine, unless you can back it up with a solid explanation of why. Discussing what you hope to gain from the profession is an opportunity to hammer home why Boston University is such an important part of your education. Talk about what you hope to achieve in your career and how Boston University can help you get there. For Kilachand Honors College applicants: Kilachand Honors College offers a challenging liberal arts education grounded in critical and creative thinking and interdisciplinary problem-solving. What do you think this approach means? Reflect on what has been missing in your education to date, giving at least one concrete example to support your response. How would Kilachand’s interdisciplinary curriculum fulfill your academic, creative, intellectual, and/or professional goals? (600 words) Students who are applying to Boston University’s Kilachand Honors College must answer an additional 600 word prompt. This Boston University supplement essay prompt is all about academics - what interests you and how Boston University can help you fulfill your goals. The Kilachand Honors College is a living and learning community where you have the opportunity to participate in experiential learning activities, so it’s a good idea to highlight how practical application and real-world experience is important to you in this essay. The key to this prompt is to be specific. You don’t need to talk about all of your academic interests here - in fact, it’s probably better to just discuss one or two that are really important to you. Whatever interest you choose to write about, you should make sure that you highlight how you would continue to explore that interest at Boston University. For Trustees Scholarship applicants: Please select one of the questions below and respond with an essay explaining your perspective. (600 words) Option A: The list of works banned throughout history is long and sometimes surprising. Examples include the Bible, King Lear, The Origin of Species, Mein Kampf, Lolita, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Isaac Asimov wrote: â€Å"Any book worth banning is a book worth reading.† Do you agree? Is such censorship ever justified? If so, who or what should determine which books are read and which are forbidden? Option B: Economists describe a â€Å"moral hazard† as individuals’ tendency to take greater risks when they believe that they will not bear the full cost of their actions. Some may be less careful driving, for instance, if they know that their insurance provider will cover potential accidents, while the uninsured will drive with more caution. A recent study similarly suggests a correlation between greater access to Narcan, the drug used to reverse potentially fatal opioid overdoses, and a rise in the use of opioids. In your opinion, should the concept of moral hazard affect public policy? If so, what are the relevant factors policymakers should consider in assessing questions of public safety and individual responsibility? Option C: â€Å"The perfect search engine,† Google’s co-founder Sergey Brin has said, â€Å"would be like the mind of God.† In your opinion, will science and technology eventually allow us to know all things knowable? Are there limits to what the perfect search engine will reveal, or might it indeed become like the mind of God? Please submit a short essay to the following statement: â€Å"Something that’s not on the resume.† Give us a glimpse of a passion, dream, or mental pursuit that absorbs and delights you. (300 words) Students who are applying for the Boston University Trustees Scholarships must answer not one, but two, additional essays. The first essay is 600 words and the second is 300 words. The longer Trustees Scholarship prompt asks you to pick between three questions to answer. The three options are all fairly academic, focusing on banned books, moral responsibility, and search engines. Which prompt you pick doesn’t matter nearly as much as how you answer it. Your answer should have a strong, persuasive argument with specific reasons as evidence. The final prompt gives you the opportunity to talk about non-academic interests. This essay is the place to talk about your passion for handcrafting popup cards or your delight in finishing the NY Times crossword puzzle every day. You can pick something seemingly trivial - go with whatever makes you happy! Key Tips for Writing an Amazing Boston University Supplement Essay Ready to write an amazing Boston University supplement essay? Follow these key tips to do so! #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Boston University wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Boston University essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. Boston University’s admissions committee will see hundreds, if not thousands, of essays that talk about how much the applicant loves Boston. Saying that you want to study in the world’s greatest college town is trite and overdone. If you are excited about going to school in Boston, make sure that you have a really specific reason that also ties to Boston University’s opportunities. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but make sure your Boston University essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Boston University application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Boston University essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Final Thoughts Regardless of which program you're applying to at Boston University, you want to make sure that your Boston University essays are a great example of who you are as a student and a person and why Boston University should accept you. Your essay should: Be personal Be specific Be free of spelling and grammar errors Your essay should not: Be generic Be focused on Boston, not Boston University The more effort you put into your essays, thebetter chance you have of getting accepted to Boston University! What’s Next? Do you want to learn more about the Why Boston essay? We created an in-depth guide to help you ace this essay. Check it out here! Starting your essay is often the hardest part.If you're unsure where to begin, check out this guide tostarting a college essay perfectly, so you're ready to ace that introduction! A good essay is just one part of a successful Boston Universityapplication. If you want to really wow the admissions office, be sure yourgrades and test scoresare up to snuff, too! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Course Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Management Systems - Essay Example They can also assist instructors with furthering their Internet class options through the use of features like discussions, Emails, and quizzes (Cole and Foster, 2007). A teacher can also store a syllabus, lecture notes, and other information on a server, if desired. Another beneficial feature is the use of the open forum discussion, which allows for asynchronous classroom participation; thus, this makes it much easier for both professors and students to find the time to interact (Cole and Foster, 2007). Synchronous tools include the chat feature, which some instructors like to use to setup office hours with their students, or question and answer sessions via an appointment (Cole and Foster, 2007). Assignments in Moodle are particularly easy to grade, as the CMS uses a dropbox feature for written assignments, and this information, when graded, goes right into the gradebook, and can be privately viewed by the student, thus keeping the school in line with FERPA guidelines (Moodle Docs, n.d.) Moodle has an extreme advantage over some other online platforms because it is relatively inexpensive. For instance, one can actually sign up for a free trial, meaning that Moodle is an open source (Cole and Foster, 2007). ... Since online technology is becoming more and more important in education as online education becomes increasingly popular, Moodle allows individuals to be able to do several things in an online or traditional course via the Internet that were not possible less than a decade before. Educators throughout the country are still debating about how to combine technology for both online teaching, face-to-face meetings, and classes that use both online and face-to-face meetings, designated as hybrid courses. Hybrid courses generally utilize both solid aspects of face-to-face learning with the Internet software available to give students a credible learning experience overall, especially if the students still require some face to face interaction.Furthermore, Moodle is a very effective tool as far as Social Constructionist theory is concerned. Social Constructivism states that an individual or group will learn best when he or she or they are experiencing a social process of constructing ideas through the act of constructing an artifact for others (Cole and Foster, 2007). Therefore, in order to effectively learn, one most place oneself in the process of negotiating meaning in a culture of shared artifacts and symbols. The use of Moodle software effectively offers this, because it allows for the individual to be able to learn in a variety of ways; through chats, through discussions, via Email and assignments, through feedback from the instructor, through interaction with peers, and, if a traditional or hybrid course, through face to face learning (Cole and Foster, 2007).Another reason to consider Moodle is the fact that it holds up

Explain how and why industrialization changed Northern society Research Paper

Explain how and why industrialization changed Northern society - Research Paper Example The period saw the massive replacement of the labor force by machines and production capacities of the industries involved increased phenomenally. Logistic challenges experienced before the industrial revolution in the area were quickly solved by the development of a system of railway lines1. It had a major impact on human lives of the Northern Society. People migrated in large numbers to urban areas, which led to mushrooming of cities in industrialized areas. Income disparity between the rich and poor stirred up expansive discontent. This paper discusses how industrialization changed the Northern society in early U.S.A. Largely, the Northern Society changed socially in a diverse manner. Industrialization saw the formation of new classes, which included the new rich and the working middle class. The wealthy mainly comprised of factory owners whereas the middle class were usually workers who had moved from the rural areas into the cities in pursuit of a better life. The middle class w ere those who offered labor to factories and were often better off, financially than the people back in the rural areas were. Most of them were residents to congested houses, which created a perfect breeding ground for maladies. The areas they lived in were famed for unsanitary conditions of living and below par hygiene standards. They were paid unfairly for their labor services and treated badly. Women probably benefited the most due to their improvement in their roles2. Besides being able to work in factories, they were granted many rights they previously did not have. From an economic standpoint, people from the Northern Societ

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay Lagriculture face à   lurbanisation intensive des mà ©tropoles A partir de lexemple de Rennes et Saint-Jacques -de-la-lande INTRODUCTION Lorsque lurbanisation et lagriculture se disputent les mà ªmes terres, saffrontent alors des mondes, des mentalità ©s diffà ©rentes difficiles à   faire cohabiter. Du fait de son caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, lespace rural est en perpà ©tuel tension entre une fonction à ©conomique (de productività ©) et une fonction rà ©sidentielle ou de loisir, mais aussi une fonction de conservation (prà ©servation de la biodiversità ©, entretien du paysage). Dans ce contexte comment est-il possible de concevoir la cohabitation sur un mà ªme territoire, de modes de vie diffà ©rents? Quel processus damà ©nagement territorial peut à ªtre envisagà © pour concilier les diffà ©rentes pratiques de ces lieux entre urbanisation et nature? Parce que les campagnes tendent à   se densifier. La rurbanisation produit une consommation excessive despaces naturels, elle fragmente les parcelles cultivables et les consume petit à   petit. Le paysage sen trouve modifià ©, car lespace rural tire sont paysage de sa fonction premià ¨re, lagriculture, cest elle qui faà §onne le territoire. Paradoxalement, la venu de nouvelles habitation dans lespace rural dà ©truit ce pourquoi mà ªme elles sont venues : le paysage. Que devient la campagne si elle est urbanisà ©e de la mà ªme faà §on que la pà ©riphà ©rie proche des villes ? Si le prix du foncier ne produit rien dautre que des zones pavillonnaires en tous points identique à   celle de nos villes. Pour rà ©pondre à   cette demande de nature il est indispensable de penser la ville et la campagne comme une seule et mà ªme entità ©, un systà ¨me global oà ¹ lune est dà ©pendante de lautre. En effet la campagne doit à ªtre pensà ©e comme le garde mangà © de la ville pour des raisons de sà ©curità © alimentaire et à ©conomique, dans un contexte oà ¹ les produits lointains seront de plus en plus soumis aux taxations carbone. Hypothà ¨ses Lespace rural ne peut plus à ªtre considà ©rà © comme un vide ou une rà ©serve foncià ¨re, il doit à ªtre pensà © dans un systà ¨me global oà ¹ rural et urbain forme un tout. En effet dans le contexte à ©conomique actuel les villes redeviennent dà ©pendantes de leur arrià ¨re pays. Il faut donc rà ©interroger le systà ¨me de gouvernance à   là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine oà ¹ la mise en place dune politique globale permettrait de recrà ©er du lien entre lurbain et le rural. Lespace rural a dà ©jà   un caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, il regroupe diffà ©rentes fonctions. Une fonction productive, rà ©sidentielle et de prà ©servation de lenvironnement. La cohabitation de ces diffà ©rentes fonctions gà ©nà ¨re des conflits au sein de cet espace. Une plus grande coordination entre les diffà ©rents acteurs de lespace rural permettrait une meilleure cohabitation des ces usages. La rà ©alisation de diagnostique propre à   chaque territoire ayant pour but la prà ©servation de lagriculture, avec une fonction de production mais aussi crà ©atrice de paysage, respectueuse de lenvironnement, afin de proposer un cadre de vie de qualità ©. Afin de mieux comprendre et analyser ce phà ©nomà ¨ne, nous allons nous intà ©resser dans un premier temps à   la question de la grande à ©chelle, là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine en se basant sur les projets du grand Paris et plus particulià ¨rement sur là ©tude dAntoine Grumbach. Dans un deuxià ¨me temps nous nous pencherons sur le cas du Plateau de Saclay oà ¹ une à ©tude a à ©tà © menà ©e pour montrer comment sest mis en place un processus de prise en compte de lespace agricole dans la construction paysagà ¨re du rural pà ©riurbain. I. Notre culture face à   la nature 1.1. Historique De tout temps lagriculture a à ©tà © à ©troitement lià ©e à   la ville. Depuis que la ville existe, que lhomme est sà ©dentaire, il produit sa nourriture au plus proche de son lieu de vie. Tant que lhomme est dà ©pourvu de moyens efficaces de dà ©placement pour transporter sa marchandise, les denrà ©es alimentaires sont cultivà ©es aux abords des villes. Là ©talement urbain nest pas un phà ©nomà ¨ne rà ©cent. Dà ¨s le Moyen-à ¢ge, les villes semblent dà ©jà   à ©clatà ©es, limage que lon a dune ville compacte est aussi dà » à   la reprà ©sentation que lon en a fait. Les perspectives dà ©poque sont des reprà ©sentations de villes compactes, oà ¹ les habitations dissà ©minà ©es ne figurent pas. Nayant pas le droit de cità © elles navaient pas non plus le droit de reprà ©sentation. A cette à ©poque la France a une logique de campagne, une multitude de villages distants de 3 à   5 km, distance parcourus actuellement en 5 à   10 minutes donc un rà ©seau quasi parfait qui sà ©tale sur toute le pays.[schà ©ma en à ©toile relation entre les villages] Ce systà ¨me, lià © à   la gà ©ologie, au paysage, aux forà ªts locales est quelque chose de trà ¨s encrà © dans la civilisation franà §aise. Cest le marqueur ADN de la France, un code fort reliant le pays. Tout repose sur cette logique. Nà ©anmoins, les villes importantes de cette à ©poque restent denses, il est donc aisà © den dà ©finir les limites et par consà ©quent celles entre ville et campagne. Au 15à ¨ sià ¨cle, Paris est lune des plus grandes villes dEurope, suivit dAnvers. Une France fà ©odale gouvernà ©e par un roi. Dans sa confà ©rence Lenjeu capital(es), les mà ©tropoles de la grande à ©chelle, le paysagiste nà ©erlandais, Adriaan Geuze, voit le Roi de France comme un agriculteur ayant un pied à   terre à   Paris. Lidà ©e de vivre à   la campagne avec une attache en ville. A la Renaissance, la quantità © de chà ¢teaux et de parcs autour des grandes villes de France explose (chà ¢teau de la Loire) avec un rà ©seau de routes qui converge vers la ville principale. Les Rois entretiennent limage de la campagne, de la nature et cette culture paysanne jusque dans les parcs de leurs chà ¢teaux. Cest une culture de la socià ©tà © agricole. [Parc des chà ¢teaux de la Loire] La rà ©volution est un nouveau tournant dans lhistoire de France. Le symbole mà ªme de Marianne reprà ©sentation de la France de cette à ©poque, est une femme, qui pourrait à ªtre paysanne, venant de la ferme, de la France rurale. [Tableau dEugà ¨ne Delacroix, La Libertà © guidant le Peuple (1830).]On peut donc considà ©rer que les valeurs de notre pays (Libertà ©, Egalità ©, Fraternità ©) puisent leurs racines de cette France là  , cette France rurale. Napolà ©on, comme les rois de France, crà ©Ãƒ © un systà ¨me routier sur tout le continent qui converge vers Paris. Arrive alors la premià ¨re percà ©e dans la conception urbaine à   savoir lextension des Champs-Elysà ©es, avec lArc de Triomphe, cest louverture vers lavenir. Cette action a pour bà »t de changer cette mà ©tropole, de louvrir, de crà ©Ãƒ © des liens et de relier la capitale à   la nature. En 1850, Paris est une ville insalubre, sans aucune condition dhygià ¨ne. Une campagne de restructuration de la capitale est lancà ©e, Paris est donc rà ©gie sous un triple mot dordre: Embellir Circuler Assainir. Lenjeu à ©tait de transformer la mà ©tropole conformà ©ment aux thà ©ories hygià ©nistes pour une meilleure circulation de lair et des hommes. Le Baron Haussmann transforme la capitale en 17 ans de travaux ininterrompus. A la fin de ces travaux Paris a changà © de visage. Sur les grands boulevards Haussmanniens on remarque aussi la prà ©sence importante de la nature. [Prà ©sence de nature sur les boulevards] Ces grandes avenues plantà ©es sont relià ©es directement aux parcs et jardins des Rois, và ©ritables icones de la ville, (jardin du Luxembourg, parc Monceau). Les portes des parcs souvrent, la population y pà ©nà ¨tre : cest une nouvelle ville. La peinture va permettre aussi dintà ©grà © une nouvelle image de la nature. Une nature sublimà ©e. Une nature construite qui va changer la perception mà ªme que lon en avait. Les parcs comme le parc des Buttes-Chaumont ou le parc Monceau peuvent donc se dà ©velopper. A la fin du 19e, dà ©but du 20e sià ¨cle, avec les modifications apportà ©es aux villes et laire industrielle, les relations entre la ville et sa campagne se modifient. Loffre demploi dans les grandes villes augmente, les conditions de vie samà ©liorent et les campagnes sont dà ©sertà ©es, cest lexode rural. Les villes connaissent alors un accroissement dà ©mographique sans prà ©cà ©dent. Les moyens de transports deviennent de plus en plus performants. Les villes sà ©tendent donc trà ¨s rapidement sur lespace rural, estompant ainsi les diffà ©rences entre elles. La population des villes augmente, lagriculture diminue ce qui a pour consà ©quence une perte dautonomie alimentaire. Pour rà ©soudre ce manque il a fallut aller chercher la matià ¨re premià ¨re toujours un peu plus loin. A la fin du XXe sià ¨cle rien na changà ©. Avec la mondialisation, ce phà ©nomà ¨ne na cessà © daugmenter et lagriculture souffre dune mauvaise image. Le discours a donc totalement changà ©. Les paysages agricoles ne sont plus imaginà ©s, comme au 19e sià ¨cle, pouvant faire partie de la ville. La nature nest plus conà §ue comme un à ©là ©ment de paysage urbain quon essaie dintà ©grer à   la ville mais un paysage de campagne que lon cherche à   retrouver lorsque le stress de la ville se fait sentir. Dans les annà ©es 80, la ville souffre de mauvaise rà ©putation. Le manque de logements de qualità ©, laugmentation de la criminalità © ont pour effet de faire fuir les classes sociales les plus aisà ©es et les entreprises vers la pà ©riphà ©rie. Ces dernià ¨res annà ©es le phà ©nomà ¨ne sest renforcà ©, un changement de mentalità ©, une prise de conscience environnementale, encourage de plus en plus durbains à   fuir le stress des villes pour sinstaller à   la campagne. La campagne est vue comme un produit. 1.2. Etat actuel du monde rural Lurbanisation continue des villes daujourdhui grignote chaque jour un peu plus les terres cultivables. [Photo de lurbanisation grignotant les terres cultivables]Laugmentation du prix des terrains constructibles nencourage pas le maintient des actività ©s agricoles et rend lagriculture pà ©riurbaine extrà ªmement fragile. De plus, la cohabitation entre agriculteurs et citadins installà ©s en milieu rural devient de plus en plus source de conflits. En effet, la venue de nouvelles habitations sur lespace rural la rurbanisation se traduit souvent par limplantation de maisons dissà ©minà ©es au milieu de parcelles cultivà ©es. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne conduit rapidement à   lexplosion des terres cultivables, car pour permettre la mà ©canisation, les parcelles ne doivent pas à ªtre trop petites. Une fois divisà ©es, les parcelles encore en culture, nont plus quune vocation, devenir des champs de là ©gumes ou des pà ©pinià ¨res oà ¹ se multiplie les serres agricoles. La rurbanisation met donc les agriculteurs des zones pà ©riurbaines face à   un choix: vendre leurs terres aux nouveaux arrivants ou cesser leurs actività ©s dà ©levage de bovin pour ne faire que de larboriculture, horticulture ou encore de la production de lait, de volailles ou dÅ“ufs. Face au vieillissement et à   lexode, lespace paysan est menacà ©. Des tensions à ©mergent entre rurbains, citadins ne participant pas à   la vie paysanne, et les paysans locaux. Les nà ©o-ruraux les plus aisà ©s se portent acquà ©reurs dà ¨s la mise en vente du moindre bà ¢timent dans lespace rural. Ce qui, à   lorigine, est un espace de travail napparait plus que comme un espace de loisir. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne se retrouve dans lensemble des zones rurales proches de grandes agglomà ©rations. Prisonnier dun cadre naturel forgà © depuis des gà ©nà ©rations, le monde paysan appartient dorà ©navant au paysage, celui-là   mà ªme que le touriste citadin achà ¨te. ( Bernard DEZERT- les mutations sociales dans lagriculture urbaine) Le fait davoir dà ©valorisà © lagriculture en la considà ©rant comme un vide, un espace de non-ville à   contribuà © à   son exclusion (de la ville et de notre socià ©tà ©). Il est maintenant indispensable de pensà © lagriculture comme un à ©là ©ment constitutif de la ville. Pour ce faire il faut repenser sa forme mà ªme. Lune des formes considà ©rant la ville comme un ensemble despaces bà ¢ti et non bà ¢ti est la ville archipel nous allons donc nous intà ©resser à   la faà §on dont elle amà ©nage le territoire. Mais avant à §a que signifie le terme de ville archipel ? 2. La ville archipel : un amà ©nagement territorial 2.1. Le concept de ville archipel. La ville archipel pose la question de la forme des relations entre lurbanisation et les espaces de nature. Cette question semble à ªtre une question de paysage puisquelle parle des relations entre les espaces, mais cest avant tout une question damà ©nagement du territoire. Une question dà ©chelle dintervention entre le dà ©veloppement urbain et la protection des milieux ainsi que les relations entre eux. La ville archipel est une forme urbaine capable de conjuguer ville et nature. Pour comprendre ce concept de ville archipel il faut inverser notre faà §on de dà ©finir la ville. Il faut considà ©rer la ville comme un ensemble de centralità ©s intercommunale, avec des espaces bà ¢ti (habitat individuel, collectif ou actività ©) et des espaces non bà ¢ti (naturels, agricoles et forestiers).Ces deux types despaces sont articulà ©s entre eux pour sadaptà © au fonctionnement de ce nouveau territoire en conjuguant facilità © de dà ©placement et proximità © dun cadre de vie agrà ©able dont aspire une majorità © de la population. Dans cette logique comme le dit Bertrand FOLLEA : Le village est à   lagglomà ©ration intercommunale ce que le quartier est à   la ville. Lespace agricole ou naturel fait lui aussi parti intà ©grante de la ville, cest lui qui structure lagglomà ©ration. Il a une fonction serte à ©conomique (de production), à ©cologique (biodiversità ©, gestion hydraulique), mais aussi une fonction sociale (paysage, lieu de dà ©tente, circulation douce). La ville archipel pourrait à ªtre caractà ©risà ©e par des à ®les bà ¢ti denses relià ©es entre elles par des espaces de natures ou agricoles entretenu avec une fonction à ©conomique et sociale. 2.2. La gestion de la nature dans la ville archipel 3. Lexemple de larchipel rennaise 3.1. Rennes Capital de la Bretagne. [] 3.2. Rennes : un espace urbain agricole La mise en place du schà ©ma directeur du district de Rennes, à ©laborà © par un paysagiste et par lagence durbanisme local (Audiar)[1] est considà ©rà ©e comme lune des expà ©riences les plus intà ©ressantes des annà ©es 90. Elle a valeur dexemple dans lamà ©nagement franà §ais en raison de la prà ©servation des territoires agricoles et coulà ©es verte entre les bourgs qui se densifient pour crà ©er des pà ´les secondaires. La question du paysage joue un rà ´le moteur dans là ©laboration de ce schà ©ma directeur. Il a conduit au changement de perception de certain acteur sur leurs territoires. La ville de Rennes na pas toujours à ©tait qualifià © de ville archipel, ce nest quen 2004 que cette expression voit le jour. Isabelle Grudet dà ©montre dans son article Le modà ¨le territorial rennais à   là ©preuve de ses images, limportance des images verbales utilisà ©es pour dà ©crire la ville. Avant 2004 lexpression de ceinture verte est couramment utilisà ©e notamment dans Projet urbain 2015[2]. Ce terme laisse entendre que la ville de Rennes est entourà ©e dun espace vert. Or cet espace nest pas và ©ritablement lisible. Cette expression est dailleurs utilisà ©e en association avec le terme d'anneau et de rocade, le vert et les routes ont fonction de limite et de lien entre les espaces de diffà ©rentes dimensions. Carte de synthà ¨se paysagà ¨re / schà ©ma directeur de 1994 En comparent deux images iconique, la vue de synthà ¨se dun paysagiste et la carte du schà ©ma directeur de 1994 on remarque un à ©loignement de la ville classique que la ceinture verte marquà © par la rocade servait à   maintenir à   lintà ©rieur de mur virtuels, et que la ville archipel a fait exploser. On passe de la ceinture verte reprà ©sentà © par la rocade et un rà ©seau routier qui relie les bourgs à   la ville centre ; a une image de ville territoire oà ¹ les diffà ©rents espaces bà ¢tis sont relià ©s entre eux par les à ©là ©ments constitutifs du paysage. Dans la reprà ©sentation paysagà ¨re du modà ¨le rennais proposà © par le paysagiste, la hià ©rarchie entre ville et campagne disparait. Lespace non bà ¢ti est dà ©composà © en plusieurs couleurs, le bà ¢ti reprà ©sentà © en blanc sestompe, ce territoire oà ¹ bourgs et centre ville semblaient à ªtre relià © par de simple routes raccordà ©es à   une rocade, semble maintenant à ©clatà © sur un territoire indà ©fini dont une campagne dà ©sormais complexe vient crà ©er du lien grà ¢ce aux rivià ¨res, parcs et autres à ©là ©ment du paysage. Lidà ©e de ceinture verte a disparue. Cette espace non bà ¢ti, agricole fait lobjet dune discussion entre paysagiste et à ©lus sur le concept des isolement paysage terme apparaissant dans le schà ©ma directeur de 1994. Retranscription de cette discussion,Tirà ©e des cahiers de LAUA n °11 p.105 Paysagiste : Nous proposons de nouveaux termes pour remplacer des terme qui nous semblent rà ©ducteurs. Nous proposons de remplacer isolement paysage par espace agricole de respiration Elu : (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) Ce sont les espaces irrà ©ductibles. Le Saint Emilion de Rennes. Mais pour ce terme de respiration je me demande sil ne risque pas dà ªtre mal perà §u. Il semble indiquer que lon ne respire pas dans Rennes-centre. Paysagiste : Cest intà ©ressant Elu : Les espace agricoles, ce sont aussi des gens. Les agriculteurs ne sont pas seulement là   pour faire respirer les gens Paysagiste : Cest un concept fort. Le travail a à ©tà © guidà © par lidà ©e de polycentrisme. Ce systà ¨me est volontariste, il faut des concepts forts pour contrer les processus spontanà ©s. Lexpression isolements paysage nest pas positive. Elu : Je suis daccord pour enlever isolement paysage mais lagriculture, je prà ©fà ¨re espace agricole de construction Paysagiste : Oui, il faut rà ©flà ©chir sur ce thà ¨me. Elu (vice-prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © aux formes urbaines): Remplacer isolement paysage par espace de respiration est une bonne idà ©e, mais il faut la revoir Elu : Cest bien, on est arrivà © à   hià ©rarchiser les choses Mais il y a quand mà ªme ce truc de la respiration Moi, je dirais simplement agriculture pà ©riurbaine. Paysagiste : Oui, mais à   quoi renvoie le terme de pà ©riurbain Elu (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) : Et pourquoi pas espace agricole urbain. Cela permet de ne pas faire apparaà ®tre les agriculteurs comme les derniers des Mohicans Lexpression vient dapparaà ®tre. Elle sera là ©gà ¨rement modifià ©e par un à ©lu, pour donnà ©e le terme final d'espace urbain agricole. Selon un à ©lu ce terme a la capacità © de crà ©er un choc, aussi bien chez les agriculteurs que chez les urbains, qui pourrait pousser à   laction. En effet cette espace agricole urbain participe à   là ©conomie et à   lattractività © du Pays de Rennes. Il est entretenu par 1400 exploitations agricoles qui mettent en valeur 63 000 ha de surfaces agricoles. En choisissant le terme de ville archipel les à ©lus ont fait le choix dun amà ©nagement du territoire qui laisse une large place à   lespace agricole et naturel entre les diffà ©rents pà ´les durbanisations. Cette gestion du territoire, qui place lagriculture au cÅ“ur de la ville, approuvà © et confortà © par le SCoT permet damà ©liorer le cadre de vie des habitants avec la prà ©sence dune campagne bocagà ¨re à   proximità ©, travaillà ©e par lagriculture. Mais la proximità © de la ville et de lespace agricole ajoute des contraintes qui peuvent fragiliser leur à ©quilibre à ©conomique, laugmentation du foncier produit par une ville dynamique, la cohabitation conflictuel entre citadin et agriculteurs et les dà ©placements difficiles En revanche cette proximità © de la ville permet à   lagriculture de se diversifier en fournissant un marchà © local et en proposant des services. En considà ©rant comme ville lespace bà ¢ti et lespace non-bà ¢ti, les à ©lus se doivent de travaillà ©s en à ©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs, afin doffrir un meilleur cadre de vie permettant le dà ©veloppement de cette à ©conomie. Dans cette optique, lassociation partenariale entre agglomà ©ration et la chambre dagriculture a permis la crà ©ation de lassociation Terre en ville oà ¹ sà ©change les expà ©riences sur les espaces agricoles pà ©riurbains franà §ais. 3.3. Le programme local de lagriculture, pour une agriculture en cÅ“ur darchipel. En 2008, un accord-cadre est passà © entre la chambre dagriculture, la SAFER Bretagne, Rennes Mà ©tropole et le Pays de Rennes pour coordonner les actions et dà ©finir les conditions de leur mise en Å“uvre. Le programme local de lagriculture soumet cinq thà ¨mes de travail : Echanger autour dun observatoire de lagriculture. Concilier urbanisme, foncier et agriculture Confortà © le bocage dans ses multiples rà ´les Sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique Renfoncer les liens entre les citadins et les agriculteurs. La mise en place dun observatoire de lagriculture du Pays de Rennes, qui publiera un bulletin chaque annà ©e a pour rà ´le de faire partager une vision actualisà ©e de la dynamique agricole du territoire entre les diffà ©rents acteurs agricoles et territoriaux. Les thà ¨mes traità ©s par le programme local de lAgriculture sont : foncier et urbanisme, environnement, lien citadins-agriculture. Pour que la ville archipel fonctionne, il faut que lactività © agricole soit forte. Des actions foncià ¨res sont misent en place pour maintenir cette actività © et permettre une meilleur lisibilità © de lespace rà ©servà © à   lagriculture dans les projets urbains. En 2005 la SAFER Bretagne et Rennes Mà ©tropole passent une convention visant une politique danticipation foncià ¨re et de recherche des terres de compensation pour les exploitants agricoles dont les terres sont rà ©cupà ©rà ©es par les projets urbains. Grace à   ces compensations il est possible de regrouper les parcelles autour des bà ¢timents agricoles, se qui amà ©liore les performances à ©conomique et à ©nergà ©tique des exploitations, en limitant les dà ©placements dengin, en rationnalisant les systà ¨mes de fourrage Lagriculture doit à ªtre traità © dans les PLU comme une priorità © car cest elle qui structure lespace communal. Des rà ©flexions sur la prise en compte de lagriculture dans les PLU ont à ©taient engagà ©es, elles dà ©boucheront sur la mise en place de nouvelles mà ©thodes et la rà ©daction de recommandations à   lattention des municipalità ©s, des techniciens et urbanistes ainsi que des acteurs agricoles. La proximità © de la ville et des actività ©s agricoles pose quelques problà ¨mes, notamment pour des questions de dà ©placements, lagriculture provoque des dà ©placements de matià ¨re et dengins agricole qui on du mal à   cohabiter avec la circulation urbaine. Les plans communaux de dà ©placement des PLU ont en charge didentifier les secteurs oà ¹ le dà ©placement dengin agricole est le plus problà ©matique. Ce qui permet aux communes dintà ©grer dans leurs projets des solutions ou des alternatives. Le paysage rennais se caractà ©rise par la prà ©sence de bocages. Si ces à ©là ©ment du paysage font dà ©sormais partie du patrimoine paysagà © de la rà ©gion, leurs rà ´les est multiples. Ils permettent la rà ©gulation des eaux, prà ©servent la biodiversità ©, offre de lombre pour les troupeaux, ont un rà ´le agronomique et peuvent à ªtre perà §u comme à ©nergie renouvelable. De plus les cheminements largement accessibles offrent aux citadins des espaces de dà ©tente à   la campagne, et permet ainsi de limiter le dà ©membrement des parcelles agricoles pour des zones de loisirs. Mais lentretient de ces haies revient essentiellement aux agriculteurs et les charges pour cette entretient deviennent de plus en plus lourdes du fait de lagrandissement des parcelles. Le programme local de lagriculture prose de redonnà © de la valeur à ©conomique à   lentretient moderne du bocage. Afin de sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique, Rennes-Mà ©tropole met en place son plan à ©nergie-climat pour à ©tudier les moyens de rà ©duire la production de gaz à   effet de serre. En effet lagriculture et lagroalimentaire est extrà ªmement consommatrice dà ©nergies fossiles il est donc essentiel de rà ©flà ©chir à   des solutions pour limiter cette consommation, la mise en place dà ©nergie renouvelable tel que la biomasse, là ©olien ou le solaire. De plus lentretient des haies bocagà ¨res peut permettre là ©mergence dune filià ¨re bois-à ©nergie. Une filià ¨re en dà ©veloppement dans la rà ©gion tant chez les particuliers que pour les à ©quipements publics. Lagriculture a la charge des espaces agricoles et naturels de la ville archipel. Se sont les agriculteurs qui faà §onnent lespace et le cadre de vie. Malgrà © limportance de lagriculture pour le dà ©veloppement de la mà ©tropole, les agriculteurs ne sont plus reconnus. Les citadins qui ont le dà ©sir de cette campagne connaissent mal les actività ©s agricoles daujourdhui. Ils ne perà §oivent que les aspects nà ©gatifs de la profession et les gà ªnes engendrà ©es. Mais il en va de mà ªme pour les agriculteurs qui ne comprennent pas forcà ©ment les enjeux urbains. Pour que lagriculture soit và ©ritablement intà ©grà ©e à   la ville il faut quelle soit comprise de tous et pour à §a un travail dinformation doit à ªtre fait. Ce devoir dinformation doit se faire pour le grand public, mais aussi entre les diffà ©rents acteurs (à ©lus locaux, agriculteurs, techniciens) Pour faire passà © le message au plus grand nombre, le Pays de Rennes lance un à ©comusà ©e oà ¹ lon retrouve la mà ©moire rural du pays de Rennes, mais qui surtout pose les questions sur là ©volution de lagriculture local contemporaine. Depuis dà ©jà   quelque temps, le regain dintà ©rà ªt pour une agriculture seine, permet le dà ©veloppement ou le redà ©veloppement des circuits courts comme le marchà © traditionnel mais aussi des mà ©thodes plus innovantes tel la vente de panier, la cueillette à   la ferme ou encore les AMAP (association pour le maintient dune agriculture paysanne), la vente par internet Ces nouvelles filià ¨res permettent de rapprocher lagriculteur du consommateur, mais aussi donnà ©e la possibilità © aux agriculteurs de se diversifier en proposant de nouvelles actività © comme laccueil à   la ferme, lagrotourisme, les fermes pà ©dagogiques, mais aussi de proposà © des services comme lentretient des espace naturels ou des chemins de randonnà ©es, et en collaboration avec la collectività © pour le co-compostage ou la gestion des boues dà ©puration. 3.4. Les AMAP Carte des AMAP du pays de Rennes Voila ce que prà ©conisà © en 2008 le Programme local de lagriculture. Mais comment se sont traduites ces recommandations dans les projets urbains de la mà ©tropole rennaise ? Afin dà ©tudier cette question nous allons nous pencher sur deux projets rà ©alisà ©s à   Rennes a savoir la ZAC de la Courouze et celle de Beauregard, ainsi que dans la ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-lande. 4. Exemples de projets rennais 4.1. Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande est une commune à   cinq kilomà ¨tres des premiers faubourgs de Rennes. Cest au centre de la commune que se construit une nouvelle ville de 8 000 habitants. Un projet qui pourrait surprendre à   une à ©poque oà ¹ lextension des pà ©riphà ©ries se ralentie fortement. Cette ville a longtemps à ©chappà ©e à   lurbanisation du fait de la prà ©sence sur son territoire de nombreuses installations militaires. Le maire, Daniel Delaveau a toujours fait preuve de dà ©termination pour mener son projet à   terme. Des les annà ©es 70 il commence lacquisition progressive de tous les terrains du secteur. Durant 7 ans il se bat avec les services de lEtat et du dà ©partement pour que la route de Redon ( 2 fois 2 voies ) ne soit pas une voies expresse mais un boulevard urbain reliant un nouveau quartier. Il pose un point dhonneur à   la conservation du paysage qui fabrique sa ville, en souhaitant la prà ©servation dun atout majeur du site, les prairies bocagà ¨res. En 1992 la ville lance un concours durbanisme pour le nouveau centre de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande. Il est remportà © par Jean-Pierre Pranlas-Descours en association avec les paysagistes Christophe Delmar et Anne-Sylvie Bruel. En 1994 le projet est formalisà © dans le plan directeur gà ©nà ©ral qui fixe les principes urbains, paysagà ©s et architecturaux. Le paysage dans lequel simplante le nouveau centre ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande nest pas des plus remarquables, il ne possà ¨de pas và ©ritablement dà ©là ©ments marquant le paysage. Une topographie douce, sans trop daccident, ni de dà ©nivelà ©. Et pourtant de toutes les communes environnantes cest elle qui a le mieux conservà © sont hà ©ritage rural, des grandes à ©tendues herbeuses en là ©gà ¨re pente, des haies bocagà ¨re pour dà ©limiter les anciennes proprià ©tà ©s des à ©là ©ments peut perceptibles mais qui valorisà ©es peuvent permettre dancrer le nouveau quartier dans son territoire.[] 4.2. La ZAC de la Courrouze 4.3. La ZAC Beauregard 5. Autres exemples 5.1. Lexemple de plateau de Saclay. 5.1.1- Historique du plateau de Saclay. Le plateau de Saclay a connu de nombreux changements au cours de son histoire. Avant le XVIIe sià ¨cle le plateau nà ©tait quune immense plaine marà ©cageuse. Ces marà ©cages limitaient lagriculture à   une pratique traditionnelle et anarchique. A la fin du XVIIe sià ¨cle, les à ©tangs infà ©rieurs du plateau de Saclay ont servi à   une partie de lalimentation en eau du chà ¢teau de Versailles. Depuis cette à ©poque les eaux pluviales du plateau sont drainà ©es en son centre dans un à ©tang situà © entre Saclay et Villeras. Suite à   ce rà ©seau de drainage le plateau devient, un sià ¨cle plus tard, parmi les plus fertiles de la rà ©gion parisienne et permet une agriculture plus intensive. On y produisait de lavoine, du seigle, de lorge et du blà © sur une surface de mille trois cent cinquante hectares destinà © exclusivement au seul marchà © parisien. Lagriculture sintensifient et se diversifient, elle se modernise jusquà   devenir progressivement une agriculture dite scientifique. De plus en plus dorganismes de recherche agronomique sinstallent sur le plateau, elles aident les agriculteurs à   acquà ©rir des connaissances et à   amà ©liorer leur rendement. Mais limplantation sur le plateau de Saclay de ces nombreux organismes accà ©là ¨re son urbanisation de faà §on exponentielle. Le plateau nest plus reconnu pour ses excellentes terres cultivables, mais devient lun des cinq premiers centres denvergure europà ©enne frà ©quentà © par plus de trente mille physiciens, chercheurs ou autres ingà ©nieurs. Au cours du XXe sià ¨cle, le plateau de Saclay perd sa dimension paysagà ¨re et apparaà ®t comme une zone rurale sans grand intà ©rà ªt. Les auteurs de là ©poque ny voient quune vaste à ©tendu monotone et austà ¨re dominà ©e par une agriculture moderne et productive dà ©pourvu de tout pittoresque. Depuis 1945, lotissements, installations industrielles, aà ©rodromes continuent à   sà ©tendre sur dexcellentes terres à   culture. Un des exemples les plus caractà ©ristiques est celui du Centre de recherche de Saclay ; on a sacrifià © là   des terres qui comptaient parmi les meilleures de la banlieue parisienne pour à ©courter les dà ©placements de techniciens habitant Paris. (M. Phillipponneau) Le plateau de Saclay est dà ©sormais caractà ©risà © par son centre dà ©tude nuclà ©aire, il devient le plateau de la matià ¨re grise, un haut lieu de la science franà §aise. Il est dà ©sormais cà ©là ¨bre pour ces à ©quipements scientifiques de pointes. Jusqua la fin des annà ©es soixante-dix ces à ©quipements scientifique à ©taient perà §ues positivement par le grand public cette actività © permis douvrir le plateau de Saclay sur lextà ©rieur et le fit reconnaitre. Mais il à ©tait essentiellement connu pour cette actività © et son paysage à ©tait perà §u comme un pa

How to Get Your Drivers License.

Getting your driver’s license is probably at the top of any sixteen year olds list, because everyone knows how important it is to them to be independent and it can be seen as the first real step in making that step from childhood to adulthood. However, getting your driver’s license isn't just a real simple thing. It involves getting your permit first, taking a driver’s education class, and then of course the actual driving part. Knowing this information can ensure you that you are one step closer to driving on your own. To start off, you have to get the learner’s permit.There usually is a fee and you must bring your birth certificate, social security card, attendance and grades from school, and insurance, if you already have a car. You would have to pass the vision screening, the written test over the rules and regulations, and be at least 16 years old. Be aware that if you fail the written test, you cannot take it again until the next day. After you get t he permit, you must remember that unfortunately you can only drive with a family member who is at least twenty one and one other person in the car with you.Also, you have to have had the learner’s permit for at least six months before you can take the class. Secondly, take a driver’s education class. With this, you must have seven hours in a car, twenty hours behind the wheel, thirty two classroom hours and pass the final driving/written test with a seventy or higher. The class usually consists of a bunch of people around sixteen or seventeen years old, some maybe older. How much it will cost depends on the school you choose. Furthermore, in this class you will watch videos and learn what to do and what not to do. You even watch the accident videos that make you want to cry.There will also be little quizzes and assignments given by the instructor to make sure you are learning properly. Finally, the last and most important thing is the actual driving. This is where your skills and knowledge are really put to the test. They assign everyone a driving partner, and both take turns driving for fourty five minutes to an hour. However, Before you can pass and get that driver’s license, you must be able to parallel park, merge on and off highways, highway drive in general, answer any questions the instructor has, change lanes, back up, and do a three point turn.They also test you on knowing where everything is like the turn signals, buttons for windshield wipers and breaks, etc. Once you are done with the test and you have passed with a seventy or higher, you will receive your certificate stating that you are now a licensed driver and then all you need to do is go take a picture and get the driver’s license from the DPS (Department of Public Safety) office. Congratulations you made it! You started off from getting your permit, taking the driver’s education class, passing the final driving test and finally wound up with your driverâ₠¬â„¢s license. Here are your keys – now get driving!